Answer 2 questions about language teaching and learning Essay

Answer 2 questions about language teaching and learning - Essay ExampleExplicit learning may be deductive, where the assimilator is taught rules directly by an instructor, or inductive where the learner draws own rules based on examples available in the language. The second method is more useful than the first because it enables the learner to explore the language beyond the lesson time. However, the deductive approach must be employ to introduce the learner to the language itself in oddly in L2 second language learning Dekeyser, 2003, 315).In order to acquire a second language effectively, it is important that the learner is taught through an explicit system. However, the process should be as inductive as possible for a better and more effective acquisition of the language. This is because, there is precise little that can be learned through the implicit process alone according to research under the Artificial Grammar Learning (AGL) paradigm (Dekeyser, 2003, 315).Pienemanns Pr ocessability Theory refers to the stages of mastering the nature of computational routines used in a new language that an individual is learning. In order to use the new language well as a means of communication, the learner needs to process in his mind these routines that include grammatical rules and acceptable syntactical sequences (Pienemann, 2001, 12).In L2 (second language) learning, this processability is impaired by the routines that the learner has already gotten used to in the L1 (first language). In English, for instance, the word order is important in determining the functions of different parts of the sentence. For example in the following two sentencesSuch conventions make it very difficult translate for learners of L2 since they tend to rely on the rules of their L1. Such learners may give the second sentence above as the one signifying that John was the promoter (Pienemann, 2001, 15).20B can be classified as having reached

EDU 636 DB 5 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

EDU 636 DB 5 - Research Paper ExampleGagnes Events of Instruction and Technology The learning environment has undergone massive changes with the integration of technology in the classroom over the past few decades. Schools have gone from in general pencil and paper based learning to many students having their own laptops in the classroom. This shift has created a need for teachers to understand how to keep their students interested and engaged in the classroom, by presenting information in the most meaningful way. The basic structure for learning events as Gagne presented in his book, The Conditions of Learning, published in 1965, however, have not changed. So it is imperative to make the connection between the learning and teaching apparatuss now available and how best to integrate them into Gagnes nine events of instruction. To demonstrate this, an in-depth look into the conflict between the following will be investigated in accordance with how they tie into Ganges events of ins truction an instructional presentation and an instructional learning module, and an instructional authoring tool and a conventional presentation tool.

Information security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Information security - Essay ExampleAlthough this protocol allows devices to channel with separately other easily, but the network-enabled devices capture a number of weaknesses in them that have make the networks exposed to attacks (Westervelt 2013). The United States Computer Emergency Readiness Team (US-CERT) is warn about weaknesses in the Universal Plug and Play protocol (Westervelt 2013, p. 1). The reason behind the warning is a recent research about the security flaws in universal plug and represent devices which has identified slightly protocol vulnerabilities and configuration errors in the use of UPnP devices. According to the report, 81 million universal plug and range devices expose themselves to the internet and nearly 16 million devices of those have the tendency of allowing attackers to intrude into the systems by making the firewall ineffective (Moore 2013). In this paper, we will cover well-nigh of the main issues associated with the universal plug and play devices and the ways that can be used to overcome the risk of hackers attacks. The discussion will support the statement that applied science usually gets deployed in a hurry without proper consideration of the harms associated with it. 2. Weaknesses Although plug and play devices allows easy communication between devices, there also exist some major weaknesses related to network security protocol. Researchers have shown that nearly 40 to 50 million network-enabled devices face risk because of universal plug and play protocol vulnerabilities (Moore 2013). UPnP allows communication between devices, such as, printers, routers, smart TVs, media players, webcams, and network-attached storage (NAS). The three main security flaws bringing millions of users under risk of attack include programming issues in SSDP raising the risk of execution of arbitrary code, exposure of private networks to attacks because of exposure of plug and play control interface, and crashing of the service becaus e of programming bugs in HTTP, UPnP, and SOAP (Moore 2013). disabling the universal plug and play protocol is one way to prevent the attacks the risk of which is always associated with the use of UPnP devices. Most of the vendors usually do not have any plan of updating their vulnerable devices. Therefore, organizations need to use Metasploit modules and ScanNow UPnP tool to identify vulnerable media servers, printers, and other UPnP devices (Blevins 2013). One of the main weaknesses of universal plug and play devices is that trust on all other communicating devices which in most cases are not trustworthy. There is no software that can check whether the devices with which UPnP devices communicate are prone to attacks or not. Moreover, buffer overflows are also an issue regarding the use of UPnP devices (Schmehl 2002). An effective way to overcome this issue is the blocking of the UPnP at the net profit gateway. After doing this, link to any system outside the LAN should be blocked using the firewall in such a way that it does not opening the ports 1900/UDP anymore. In case of Windows system, those ports are 2869/TCP. Along with this, UPnP on the router should also be turned off (Vaughan-Nichols 2013). As Raikow (2001, p. 1) states, an attacker could gain complete control of an whole network of vulnerable machines with a single anonymous UDP session. The attack not only provides the hacker with an access to all files and data stored in

Project Estimating Techniques Essay Example for Free

Project Estimating Techniques EssayOne of the most important factors to the advantage of a drop is how well the offer is estimated, as well as how oerall be atomic number 18 managed during the execution phase by the project manager. Project costs and estimates are vital to the success of any organization to remain competitive in the market. Cost estimating for organizations rely heavily on resources that hatful sometimes be difficult to obtain. Forecasting and utilizing historical return costs are just a couple of ways that organizations rely on estimating. Experienced planners are often a sought occupation within the market this paper will discuss some often used project cost estimating techniques.Types of EstimatingThe first type of estimating is analogous. This type of estimating utilizes estimates from a foregoing project that is similar, and uses them to build estimates for the new project. While this type of estimating is beneficial to the planning process, cauti on must be used to ensure that estimates carried over from the previous project are fair and reasonable. Parametric estimation takes historical data inputs, makes calculated assumptions based on market and statistical data, and then formulates the estimate. This type of estimating is useful as it does use historical data, coupled with statistical data however, assumptions made by the planner place be skewed and lead to inaccurate estimates in my opinion. The contiguous type of estimating is bottom-up. Bottom-up estimating utilizes information from individual estimates through the Work Break Down structure. This type of estimating is one of the most common types of estimating because it uses estimates from the floor tasks.These floor tasks are estimated by subject matter experts with years of experience, and can be very beneficial to ensuring that not only the estimate is accurate, but the scope of the task is correct. some other type of estimating is three-point estimating. Three -point estimating takes a look at the best, worst, and most realistic scenario to cost estimating the project. These three options obviously come with apremium on cost, time, or quality. low-level on what the project objective is will more than likely determine what route to take in this process. From my work experience with project planning, cost estimating can be a very difficult task. Most organizations have a method or process in how to cost estimate. Some utilize checklists, eyepatch others may standard operating procedures as part of an organizational policy.Regardless of what tools are available to a project team during the cost estimating process, knowing the overall goals and objectives of the project are keys to estimating a successful project. The burden of cost estimating is not normally the responsibility of one individual it often lies within the project team. three-fold estimators from various skills are part of the process, and all types of estimating as discussed earlier are part of the process. Tools that my organization utilizes are bid specification review meetings that go over the material, labor, and rates that apply to the work being conducted during the project. In addition, an independent organisation estimate (IGE) is utilized to ensure that estimates are filled out thoroughly, and reviewed against the contractors estimates upon receipt. There are many other processes that can be used however, these are the most commonly ones used within government estimating.ConclusionCost estimating is a very important part of the project planning process as it often dictates the duration of the project, and how much work can be accomplished during the project against the budget given for the project. Estimates of time and cost together allow the manager to develop a time-phased budget, which is imperative for project catch (Larson Gray, 2014, p. 131). While there are many different ways that estimates are created, there is no sure fire way in stating that one is rectify than the other.While some may think that historical data is a more accurate way, there is not telling that the estimate and return costs from a previous project were fair and reasonable. If the previous project cost was overestimated, then the current project would continue to be overestimated therefore not proving to be a cost benefit to the organization. Cost estimating drives the project plan, and organizations need to ensure they utilize all the tools and resources they have available to them to make theproject a success. recognitionLarson, E. W., Gray, C. F. (2014). Project Management The Managerial Process (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill.

Arthurian and Grail Poetry Essay Example for Free

Arthurian and Grail Poetry EssayIn 1871, Swinburne produced a new collection of poems which he entitled Songs Before sunup, which echoed a whole generations sentiments about Italys struggle for freedom. The poets stellar piece, Hertha, was yet another offering to the pagan altar upon which he worshipped. Hertha, the goddess of fertility, is written as the speaker of a dramatic monologue that aims to declare her superiority and immortality over the Christian God, a tactic Swinburne used to get the help of the Victorian audience. He emphasizes, through Hertha, the significance and importance of Mother Nature over God, and provides line after line of physical representations of a mother that gives look and nourishment to her offspring, compared to a God who, in Swinburnes logic, false and provisional. Also, by centering on the body of Hertha, Swinburne stays true to his established tradition of sensuality and passion. He ends the poem with Hertha saying I am mancompleting the u ltimate pagan principle of mans harmony and unity with nature. Swinburnes most celebrated work, among his legendary pieces, is 1882s Tristram of Lyonesse.A veritable triumph in the technical sense, the poem was skillfully written to feature long amative couplets punctuated with a brilliant arrangement of vowel sounds, rhythm, and alliteration. Swinburne exposes his concept of passion masterfully in this tale of lovers who care for nothing else but their love, and would go to any space to keep the fire burning. Often referred to as Swinburnes ode to the English dramatists, Tristram is, to this day, the most exemplary rendition of the English couplet. IV. Other Literary AccomplishmentsAs much as Swinburne was known as an exceptional poet was his reputation as an excellent critic. From 1868, he managed to produce a number of volumes of literary lit crit, with the best contained in Miscellanies and Essays and Studies. In this series, the splendour and poetics of Swinburne are satisf yingly revealed and explored. He also published A Study of Shakespeare, in which he expressed his own great technical competencies and proficiencies in the areas of melody and rhythm in poetry, by praising the iconic master of story, song, and technical excellence.It is quite apparent that Swinburne had intentionally limited his paganistic and atheistic principles to his poetrythe literary criticism that bears his name almost always stays firmly on the positive side, with nary a mention of technical or thematic shortcomings of the authors he discusses. With Swinburnes passing in 1909, the Victorian society of England lost one of its greatest masters in lyric poetry, whose genius and brilliance were quite overflowing that he found it necessary to go against the tide, and stand by the least accepted constructs of society. V. ConclusionThe question regarding Swinburnes religious influences in his poetry has been clearly answered, and has formalise the original logic proposed. There a re indeed references to Christianity and traditional beliefs in almost all his poetry, which he strategically decided to use to disprove legion(predicate) of the paradigms established by the Church. With his declared propensity to explore the ideals of physical pain and pleasure, sexual passion, and excessive living, through a great deal of wit, sarcasm, and morbidity, the reading audience is left shocked and astonished way beyond their accepted levels.However, it takes one as talented as Swinburne to effectively realize the relationship between ii opposing polesChristianity and immoralityand use the commonalities to create an ideology that is all at once controversial and unacceptable, but also incredible and brilliant.BibliographyApiryon, T. Algernon Charles Swinburne, The Hermetic Library, 1995, retrieved 12 July 2008 from http//www. hermetic. com/sabazius/swinburne. htm Bartleby, The Rossettis, William Morries, Swinburne, and Others. Bartleby. com, retrieved on 12 July 2008 fr om http//www. bartleby. com/223/0508.hypertext markup language Cymru, Gordd. Arthurian and Grail Poetry, Celtic Twilight, 2000, retireved 12 July 2008 from http//celtic-twilight. com/camelot/poetry/swinburne/index. htm Representative Poetry Online, Selected Poetry of Algernon Charles Swinburne (1837- 1909), retrieved on 12 July 2008 from http//rpo. library. utoronto. ca/poet/319. html Sawhney, Paramvir, Gestalt Paganism in AC Swinburnes Hertha The Victorian Web, 2006, retrieved on 12 July 2008 from http//victorianweb. org/authors/swinburne/sawhney9. html Thomas, Edward, A Modern Bacchant, The New York Times, 29 December 1912.

Corporate finance Essay Example for Free

Corporate finance EssayThere are three main reasons companies corrupt enthronements in debt or stock securities. The first reason is if corporations have extra cash that they dont need for immediate purchase of operating assets.The second reason is Companies purchase investments to experience earnings from investment income. The third reason companies purchase investments is for strategic reasons. A company can exercise some influence over a customer by owning a significant, but not controlling, interest in that company. Or, a company may purchase a non controlling interest in another company in a related industry in which it wishes to establish a presence. (Weygandt, Kimmel, Kieso, 2010).Sometimes corporations will have excess cash for investment reasomns. It may invest in things, incase in the future the economy falls then it has money to fall back on when money is gone, or low. 3. Low-risk, high-liquidity, short-term securities such as government-issued securities are bes t when investing for short periods of time. 4. Debt securities, from banks and other financial institutions and stock securities from mutual funds and pension funds generate earnings when investing. 5.6. Stocks of companies in a related industry or in an unrelated industry that the company wishes to enterQ E12-2 Foren Corporation had the following transactions pertaining to debt investments. Jan. 1 Purchased 50 8%, $1,000 Choate Co. bonds for $50,000cash plus brokerage fees of $900. Interest is payable semiannually on July 1 and January 1. July 1 Received semiannual interest on Choate Co. bonds. July 1 Sold 30 Choate Co. bonds for $34,000 less $500 brokerage fees. Instructions(a) Journalize the transactions.(b) Prepare the adjusting entry for the accrual of interest at December 31.A. Jan. 1Debt investments $50,900 funds $50,900July 1Cash $2000Interest rev.$2000July 1Cash $33,500Debt Investment $33,540Gain on sale $2,960Dec. 31Interest receivable $2000Interest revenue $2000References Weygandt, J. J., Kimmel, P. D., Kieso, D. E. (2010). financial accounting (7th ed.). Hoboken, NJ John Wiley Sons.

Social Work Counselling in Social Work

social employ advise in Social WorkThe Role and Applicability of Counselling in Social Work PracticeIntroduction and OverviewSocial build originated as a community help measure in the 19th century and has since then become an organised discipline that aims to support and empower those who suffer from sociable unfairness. Apart from constituent the disadvantaged to live with dignity, friendly educate aims at achieving societal inclusion and has been rear to be effective in correcting disparities and in fate individuals to overcome impediments that arise from unlike aspects of life apart from those that require knowledge of the physical and medical sciences. Social work practice has, over the years, become integral to Britains working life and current estimates put the add of lively social workers in the coun see at significantly more than one million. (Parrott, 2002)Whilst social workers can be called upon to assist all sections of the community, the majority of t inher itor assignments concern helping individuals in speech patternful situations and those experiencing difficulties with issues that impact to emotions, relationships, unemployment, work, disabilities, discrimination, substance ab occasion, finances, ho use, domestic violence, poverty, and social exclusion. Such a range of applications has necessitated the development of (a) a variety of skills and techniques, (b) methods to transfer these skills to social workers, and (c) procedures for the oral communication of social work in a variety of settings, which include schools and colleges, ho workholds, hospitals, prisons and secured homes, and training and community centres. (Parton, 1996)Social work practice focuses on dealing with the problems of service substance abusers. The aid and improvement of their social, physical, and mental states is often dependent upon the effectiveness of social work intervention. (Miller, 2005) Users of social work services argon largely economically a nd/or socially disadvantaged, and the vulnerabilities, which arise from these circumstances, frequently contribute to the nature of their relationships with service providers. (Miller, 2005) Social work makes use of a broad range of knowledge and incorporates information obtained from several disciplines it empowers social workers in practice to use their acquired knowledge and skills first to enmesh service users and then to bring about positive changes in undesirable frantic states and behavioural attitudes, or in positions of social disempowerment. (Miller, 2005)Counselling forms one of the main planks of social work practice and constitutes the chief mode through which social workers straight off engage service users it is considered to be the public face of the activity and is an integrative course of action between a service user, who is vulnerable and who needs support, and a counselor-at-law who is trained and educated to give this help. Face to face and 121 interactions between social workers and service users take place mostly through counselling activities. Apart from the directly beneficial effect that occurs through counselling, much of the social work approach that needs to be adopted in specific cases for otherwise interventionist activity is fixed on the basis of feedback provided by counsellors. This assignment aims to study and analyse the importance of counselling in social work practice.Commentary and Analysis Social work practice, in the UK, has evolved along with the development of the profession, and with the progression of social policy, ever since the first social workers were trained at the capital of the United Kingdom School of Economics, at the beginning of the twentieth century. (Parton, 1996) Whilst social policy, formulated at the level of policy makers, defines the broad routes taken to alleviate social inequalities, the actual delivery of social work occurs through social work practice, an activity carried out by thousan ds of social workers all over the United Kingdom. (Harris, 2002) Social work makes use of a range of skills, methods, and actions that are align to its holistic concentration on individuals and their environments. (Harris, 2002) Social work interventions vary from person-focused psychosocial paradees that are focused on individuals, to participation in social policy, planning and development. (Harris, 2002) These interventions include counselling, clinical social work, group work, social academic work, and family treatment and psychotherapy, as considerably as efforts to assist people in accessing services and resources within the community. (Harris, 2002) Social workers, in their everyday activity, need to assume multiple constituents that aim to balance empowerment and emancipation with protection and support. (Harris, 2002) Balancing this dilemma is often a difficult work out it depends upon the needs of service users and requires social workers to assume more than one role. (Harris, 2002) These roles, whilst being versatile and flexible, broadly consist of seven broad categories, namely those of planners, assessors, evaluators, supporters, advocates, managers, and counsellors. (Harris, 2002)Whilst social work practice is spread over these broad functions, this assignment aims to examine and analyse the significance and application of counselling in social work, especially with reference to (a) the complexities knobbed in its practice, (b) combating oppression and discrimination, and (c) from the viewpoint of service users.Counselling, whilst being a catch-all term, used for describing of assorted professions, is, an important voice of social work practice. (Rowland, 1993) It is a developmental process in which one individual (the social work counsellor) provides to some other individual or group (the client), guidance and encouragement, as well as challenge and inspiration, in creatively managing and re solution practical, personal and relationshi p issues, in achieving goals, and in self realisation. (Rowland, 1993) Whilst the relationship of social work with poverty and deprivation necessitates that most counselling activities relate to such issues, counselling has now become an active and interventionist method to achieve change in social situations and empower people to improve the quality of heir lives. (Rowland, 1993) The activity depends upon client-counsellor relationships and includes a range of theoretical approaches, skills and modes of practice. The British Association for Counselling defined the activity thus in 1991Counselling is the skilled and principled use of relationships to develop self knowledge, emotional acceptance and growth, and personal resources. The overall aim is to live more fully and satisfyingly. Counselling may be concerned with addressing and resolving specific problems, making decisions, coping with crisis, working through feelings or inner conflict or improving relationships with others. Th e counsellors role is to facilitate the clients work in shipway that respect the clients values, personal resources and capacity for self determination. (Rowland, 1993, p 18)Part of the confusion regarding the actual nature of counselling activity stems from the fact that the phenomenon is of recent origin and is becoming increasely popular both as a widely sought service and as a professional career. (Dryden Mytton, 1999) Whilst social researchers have floated a physical body of theories to explain the growth in counselling in social work, most experts ascribe its increasing usage to the change magnitude impact of religion, the breaking and scattering of family life, and the removal of previously existing family and community social structures. (Dryden Mytton, 1999) Priests have ceased to become confidantes and advisors New modes of disempowerment have also led to the creation of a vast range of emotional and physical stresses with adverse effects on the psycho-emotional sta tes of numerous people and their consequent need for counselling. (Dryden Mytton, 1999)Counselling has its origins, both in the past, and as an up-and-coming discipline, in various professions. It fills the intermediate gap between psychotherapy and amity, and thus becomes a particularly useful tool for intervening and touching upon the private, societal, professional, medical, and educational aspects of people. (Rowland, 1993) Whilst it grew organically, its effectiveness in diminishing distress led to its progressive assimilation in social work practice. Again the idea of the social worker as a person, who works with or counsels persons, has been a persistent concept in social work all through its emergence. (Pease Fook, 1999) Counselling has also been connected with some of the critical principles of social work, particularly with regard to recognising the innate value of the individual and respecting the human being. (Pease Fook, 1999) Counselling and casework also find favo ur with those who look at social work, in its entirety, as a process where different components work synergistically with each other in helping and supporting individuals. (Pease Fook, 1999) Also inherent in the role of the social worker, as a counsellor, is the idea that change will be involved in the behaviour or outlook of the service user. It is in fact the diminution on the role of counselling role, which has been one of the major apprehensions regarding provision of social work through services. (Pease Fook, 1999)Counselling, in its basic form, involves the meeting of a counsellor and a service user in a private and confidential setting to investigate the emotional and mental difficulties, and distress, the service user may be having because of varying person-specific reasons. (Rowland, 1993) Counselling, as is straightforward from its increasing usage, has been found to be of great help in a variety of situations in treating people with mental problems of varying severity in helping those suffering from trauma, anxiety or depression and in aiding people with emotional or decision making issues. (Rowland, 1993) Whilst it has been found to be applicable across different locales, for example, in schools and colleges, disturbed domestic settings, and in workplaces, it has also proved to be effective in helping people afflicted with serious illnesses like crab louse and aids, victims of road and industrial accidents, and people in various stages of rehabilitation. (Coney Jenkins, 1993)Counsellors meet the requirements of people who experience traumatic or sudden interruptions to their life development and to their social roles. (Dryden Mytton, 1999) spectacular among these counselling functions are those in areas of marital breakdown, rape and bereavement. (Dryden Mytton, 1999) The work of the counsellors in such cases can be clearly seen to arise from social problems, namely from work shift social perceptions of marriage, reassessments of male and f emale roles, and new patterns of marriage and family life. (Dryden Mytton, 1999) Counselling provides a route to helping individuals to negotiate this changing social landscape. Counselling has also been found to be helpful in the area of addictions. Specific counselling approaches have been developed to assist people with problems related to substance abuse, gluttony and for giving up smoking. (Pease Fook, 1999) In some areas of counselling, which deal with addiction, for example, with users of hard drugs, counsellors engaged in social work practice, function side by side, with sets of legal restrictions and moral issues. (Pease Fook, 1999) The possession and use of cocaine, for example, is non just viewed to be morally incorrect but also a criminal activity. (Pease Fook, 1999) The counsellor working with a heroin addict, therefore, is non save exploring ways of living more satisfyingly and resourcefully but is also mediating between competing social definitions of what an a cceptable way of living entails. (Pease Fook, 1999, p72) Some of the different objectives counsellors try to achieve in their dealing with service users relate to (a) providing them with an understanding of the origins of emotional difficulties, (b) enabling them to build meaningful relationships with other people, (c) allowing them to become more aware of blocked thoughts and feelings, (d) enabling them to develop a more positive attitude towards their own selves, (e) encouraging them to move towards more fulfilment of their potential and (f) helping them in solving particular problems. (Pease Fook, 1999)The following example provides an instance of how counselling helps individuals to overcome serious personal traumas.Paula had been driving her car. Her friend, Marian, was a passenger. Without any warning they were hit by another vehicle, the car spun down the road, and Paula thought this is it. Following this frightening number, Paula experienced intense flashbacks to the inci dent. She had nightmares which disturbed her sleep. She became irritable and hyper vigilant, always on the alert. She became increasingly detached from her family and friends, and stopped using her car. Paula worked hard at trying to forget the accident, but without success. When she went to see a counsellor, Paula was given some questionnaires to fill in, and he gave her a homework sheet that asked her to print about the incident for ten minutes each day at a fixed time. In the next counselling session, she was asked to dictate an account of the event into a tape recorder, speaking in the first person as if it was happening now. She was told to play the trauma tape over and over again, at home, until she got tire with it. In session 3, the counsellor suggested a way of dealing with her bad dreams, by turning the accident into an imaginary game between two study characters. In session 4 she was invited to remember her positive, pre-accident memories. She was given advice on start ing to drive her car again, beginning with a short five-minute drive, and then gradually increasing the time behind the wheel. Throughout all this, her counsellor listened carefully to what she had to say, treated her with great respect and was very positive about her prospects for improvement. After nine sessions her symptoms of post-traumatic stress had almost entirely disappeared, and she was able to live her life as before. (Starkey, 2000, p37)Counsellors need to keep in mind that socialisation leads to the development of perspectives on issues like laundry and gender. (Moore, 2003) Many of these perspectives are assimilated to such an extent that people have little control over them and are bound to impact the working of counsellors if not understood, stranded and overcome. (Moore, 2003) In an anti-oppressive framework, these views are broken into six main lenses racism, sexism, heterosexism, ableism, ageism, and class oppression. (Moore, 2003) People are regularly excluded on account of their colour, gender, sexual orientation, abilities, age, and class. (Moore, 2003) Most of these factors do not occur in isolation and thus lead to multi-oppression, for example an aged female from a minority background could face oppression because of three factors, the upstanding of which becomes stronger than the sum of individual components. Oppressive perspectives occur through a harsh origin, namely economic power and control, and employ common methods of limiting, controlling, and destroying lives.The PCS model developed by Thompson, in 2001, argues, in similar vein that inequalities, prejudice and discrimination operate at three levels, Personal, Cultural, and Structural, and by constantly strengthening each other, cook in good order mental biases and prejudices against members of out-groups, people who are disadvantaged by way of colour, race, ethnicity, religion and language. Individual views, at the personal level, interact with shared cultural, historica l and traditional beliefs to create powerful prejudices. (Thompson, 2001) Dominant groups within society constantly reinforce their superiority by driving home the inferiority of other groups through a number of overt and covert methods. (Harris, 2002) Whilst movements that aim to dismantle such stereotypes are emerging slowly, the biggest conflict is still within. (Harris, 2002) Internalised oppression is the oppression that we impose on our own selves cod to environmental pressures. (Harris, 2002) The oppression is internalised from the prevailing societys message through various institutions like the media, existing religious infrastructure, and other forms of socialisation. (Harris, 2002) Examples of such oppressive practices are the pressure put on working mothers to run an efficient household, in addition to putting in a full day at the office, or expecting mothers who stay at home to work from dawn until late night. (Harris, 2002) These prejudices are further strengthened by structural discriminations that are created by social and governmental structures, (as evinced by diminished employment opportunities for people with histories of substance abuse or the refusal of landlords to rent houses to members of certain communities), and create a complex web of mutually reinforcing social processes. Counsellors are prone to be oppressive because of assimilated perspectives, stereotyping, and because they hold power over service users. It is imperative that they recognise these imbalances and work towards eliminating them in their work as well as in the promotion of change to redress the balance of power. Looking at social issues through the perspectives of service users is thus critical to counselling activity. Social workers often face ethical challenges in their dealing with service users. There are many instances in social work where simple answers are not available to resolve complex ethical issues. Clients, for example, can inform counsellors about thei r intention to commit suicide or inflict physical harm on their own selves, ask for reassuring physical contact in the nature of hugs, and confide about their intentions to harm others. (Langs, 1998) There is a strong possibility of sexual attraction developing between counsellor and service user. (Langs, 1998) Such situations can lead to the development of dichotomies between personal and professional ethics, and to extremely uncomfortable choices. (Langs, 1998) final resultCounselling is a complex and demanding activity that demands knowledge, experience and people skills, as well as compassion, empathy and understanding. Above all counselling activity, as an integral component of social work, requires commitment to social good. Counselling theories have evolved over the last half century they have multiple origins, are complex in their formulation, and whilst having common features, need to be individually adapted to the needs of service users. Whilst it is not easy to grasp and apply these theories, their comprehensive understanding and application are requisite to the effectiveness of counselling work. Counsellors, by virtue of the nature of their work and their power in counsellor-service user relationships exercise enormous influence over the decisions of service users.The smorgasbord and heterogeneity of counselling reflects the sensitivity of counselling to the enormous variations in human experience. Whilst understanding of theory helps in discharging of responsibilities, counsellors are also limited by assimilated perspectives on oppression, career and money demands, and their own emotions. Their responsibilities are manifold, and include duties towards service users, towards the profession, and towards the wider community. Apart from being challenging, satisfying and rewarding, counselling also provides the opportunity to make profound differences to the lives of other human beings. ReferencesBond, T, 2000, Standards and Ethics for Counselling in Action, quick of scent Publications Ltd. LondonCorney, R. Jenkins, R, (Eds.), 1993, Counselling in General Practice. London RoutledgeCounselling saves British business millions every year, 2003, British Association for Counselling and Therapy, Retrieved December 3, 2007 from www.instituteofwelfare.co.uk/downloads/welfare_world_24_full.pdfDryden, W, 2006, Counselling in a nutshell, Sage Publications Ltd. LondonDryden, W., Mytton, J, 1999, Four Approaches to Counselling and psychotherapy, London RoutledgeFeltham, C, 1995, What Is Counselling? The Promise and Problem of the talk of the town Therapies, Sage Publications Ltd. LondonHarrow, J, 2001, Working Models theories of counselling, Retrieved December 3, 2007 from http//www.draknet.com/proteus/models.htmHarris, J, 2002, The Social Work Business /. London RoutledgeHornby, G., Hall, C., Hall, E. (Eds.), 2003, Counselling Pupils in Schools Skills and Strategies for Teachers, London RoutledgeFalmerLangs, R, 1998, Ground Rules in P sychotherapy and Counselling. London Karnac BooksMiller, L, 2005, Counselling Skills for Social Work, Sage Publications Ltd. LondonMoore, P, 2003, Critical components of an anti-oppressive framework, The International Child and Youth Care Framework, Retrieved December 3, 2007 from www.cyc-net.org/cyc-online/cycol-1203-moore.htmlNelson-Jones, R, 2000, Six key approaches to counselling and therapy, Sage Publications Ltd. LondonNoonan, E, 1983, Counselling Young People. 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